Plugging Thief Zones and Fractures by In-Situ and In-Depth Crystallization for Improving Water Sweep Efficiency of Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods and compositions that can be used to delay crystallization of a treatment solution so that thief zones or fractures are plugged in subterranean formations at a substantial distance from a wellbore. A supersaturated sodium aluminate solution, or other solutions, are introduced into the reservoir. The solution is relatively stable in the supersaturated state. Crystallization, or de-stabilizing the solution, can be controlled, which in turn plugs the thief zone or fracture at a designed point of time. By controlling the time that crystallization starts, i.e., the induction period, thief zones that are located at a substantial distant from the wellbore can be plugged.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to compositions and methods for treatingsubterranean formations. More specifically, the present inventionrelates to compositions and methods for plugging thief zones andfractures in subterranean formations.

2. Description of the Related Art

Water flooding is an important method that can be used to recover oilfrom both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. Only approximately onethird of the original oil in place (OOIP) is recovered by primary andsecondary recovery processes, typically leaving two-thirds of the OOIPtrapped in reservoirs as residual oil after water flooding.Approximately 50% of discovered oil in the world is in carbonatereservoirs with most of these reservoirs having natural fractures.

Most of carbonated reservoirs in areas of the world, such as SaudiArabia, are completely underlain by water with a large oil column andthe gas cap. The gas cap plays a major role in production of oil fields.To effectively develop carbonated reservoirs having a large gas cap,early gas breakthrough and gas slippage need to be prevented.

A completion methodology referred to as water flooding has been used toimprove oil recovery and minimize water intrusion in the formation.Water flooding takes into consideration the placement of a fracturebarrier at the toe of the producing well to delay water intrusion andimprove oil recovery efficiency. Others have developed in-depth waterflood conformance improvement tools that use time-delayed, highlyexpandable particulate material (e.g., Kernel particles/Bright water)that can improve the sweep efficiency of a water flood. The expandedKernel particles can provide resistance to fluid flow in the formation.The material appears to plug pores at up to about 125 feet from theinjector, which generally can result in a reduction of water cut by morethan 60%. The Kernel particles treatment, however, was intended fordiverting water in the matrix, not the fractures.

High residual oil saturation is in part cause by poor sweep in fracturedreservoirs. Conventional water flooding is used to displace oil from thepermeable zones or fractures, bypassing substantial amounts of trappedoil in the lower permeability zones. If the carbonate reservoir ispreferentially oil-wet, the matrix will retain oil and high residual oilsaturation in the matrix when injected water breakthroughs fromfractures and/or high permeability zones (“thief zones”).

The thief zones or fractures are often a rather long distant away fromthe wellbore. It is preferable to leave the vicinity of the wellboreopen and permeable and to plug only the area considered to be the thiefzones. Therefore, plugging the right location is a delicate undertakingthat requires precise distance, timing and solution properties.

A need exists for compositions and methods that can be used to plugpores/fractures in the thief zone. There is also a need to plug thiefzones or fractures in the formations that are farther away (e.g.,greater than 125 feet) from the injector or wellbore than other priormethods have been able to achieve. It would be advantageous of suchcompositions and methods could be used to control the locations that areto be plugged.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, the present invention relates to methods andcompositions for use to delay crystallization of a treatment solution sothat thief zones or fractures are plugged in subterranean formations ata substantial distance from a wellbore. In embodiments of the presentinvention, a supersaturated sodium aluminate solution, or othersolutions, are introduced into the reservoir. The solution is relativelystable in the supersaturated state. Crystallization, or de-stabilizingthe solution, is controlled, which in turn plugs the thief zone orfracture at a designed point of time. By controlling the time thatcrystallization starts, i.e., the induction period, thief zones that arelocated at a substantial distant from the wellbore can be plugged.

As an embodiment of the present invention, a treatment fluid fortreating a subterranean formation so that thief zones or fractures inthe subterranean formation are plugged at a substantial distance from awellbore is provided. In this embodiment, the treatment fluid includes asodium aluminate solution and a delayed crystallization additive. Thesodium aluminate solution includes NaAl(OH)₄. The sodium aluminatesolution forms gibbsite (Al(OH)_(3 s)) within the subterraneanformation. The delayed crystallization additive within the treatmentfluid delays crystallization and formation of the gibbsite in thesubterranean formation so that the thief zones or fractures can beplugged with the precipitated gibbsite at a substantial distance fromthe wellbore.

Another treatment fluid for treating a subterranean formation so thatthief zones or fractures in the subterranean formation are plugged at asubstantial distance from a wellbore is provided as an embodiment of thepresent invention. In this embodiment, the treatment fluid includes asupersaturated sodium aluminate solution comprising NaAl(OH)₄ preparedusing a molar ratio of Na₂O:Al₂O₃ of about 0.5 to about 4.0 and adelayed crystallization additive. The supersaturated sodium aluminatesolution forms gibbsite (Al(OH)_(3 s)) within the subterraneanformation. The supersaturated sodium aluminate solution has asupersaturation ratio ranging from about 100% to about 300% at atemperature ranging from about 70° C. to about 200° C. The delayedcrystallization additive within the treatment fluid delayscrystallization and formation of the gibbsite in the subterraneanformation so that the thief zones or fractures can be plugged with theprecipitated gibbsite at a substantial distance from the wellbore.

As another embodiment of the present invention, a process of treating asubterranean formation so that thief zones or fractures are plugged inthe subterranean formation at a substantial distance from a wellbore isprovided. In this embodiment, the process includes contacting thesubterranean formation with a sodium aluminate solution comprisingNaAl(OH)₄ and a delayed crystallization additive. The sodium aluminatesolution forms gibbsite (Al(OH)_(3 s)) within the subterraneanformation. Crystallization of the gibbsite in the subterranean formationis delayed in this process using the delayed crystallization additive sothat the thief zones or fractures are plugged with the precipitatedgibbsite at a substantial distance from the wellbore.

Embodiments of the present invention are used to plug the thief zone andfractures by controlling the induction period of the crystallizationprocess. The crystals formed using the methods and compositions of thepresent invention can plug fractures as well as the pores in the matrixat a substantial distance from the wellbore.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above-recited features, aspects andadvantages of the invention, as well as others that will becomeapparent, are attained and can be understood in detail, more particulardescription of the invention briefly summarized above can be had byreference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in thedrawings that form a part of this specification. It is to be noted,however, that the appended drawings illustrate some embodiments of theinvention and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of theinvention's scope, for the invention can admit to other equallyeffective embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a chart of the nuclei amount versus time for the formation ofgibbsite illustrating how the induction period can vary made inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 2 illustrates where the thief zones or fractures can be plugged inthe formation between the injector and the producer in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

Embodiments of the present invention provide in-situ, in-depthcrystallization in the thief zone or fractures in sandstone or carbonatereservoirs. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention relate tomethods and compositions that can be used to delay crystallization of atreatment solution so that thief zones or fractures are plugged insubterranean formations at a substantial distance from a wellbore.

In embodiments of the present invention, a supersaturated sodiumaluminate solution, or other solutions, are introduced into thereservoir. The solution is relatively stable in the supersaturatedstate. Crystallization, or de-stabilizing the solution, can becontrolled, which in turn plugs the thief zone or fracture at a designedpoint of time. By controlling the time that crystallization starts,i.e., the induction period, thief zones that can be located at asubstantial distant from the wellbore can be plugged.

More specifically, as an embodiment of the present invention, atreatment fluid for treating a subterranean formation so that thiefzones or fractures in the subterranean formation are plugged at asubstantial distance from a wellbore is provided. In this embodiment,the treatment fluid includes a sodium aluminate solution and a delayedcrystallization additive. The sodium aluminate solution includesNaAl(OH)₄. The sodium aluminate solution forms solid gibbsite (referredto as Al(OH)₃ or Al(OH)_(3 s)) within the subterranean formation. Thedelayed crystallization additive within the treatment fluid delayscrystallization and formation of the gibbsite in the subterraneanformation so that the thief zones or fractures can be plugged with theprecipitated gibbsite at a substantial distance from the wellbore.

Various types of compounds can be used to delay the crystallization ofgibbsite in the treatment fluid. For example, the delayedcrystallization additive can include methanol, a surfactant, gibbsiteseeds, sodium bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, or combinations thereof.Other suitable types of compounds that can be used to delaycrystallization and formation of gibbsite in the treatment fluid will beapparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered withinthe scope of the present invention.

The amount of the delayed crystallization in the treatment fluid canvary, depending upon the needed delay time for the specific subterraneanformation. Generally, the longer the needed delay time, the higher theamount of delayed crystallization additive in the treatment fluid. Forexample, the delayed crystallization additive can be present in a rangeof about 0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the treatment fluid. Othersuitable amounts of delayed crystallization additive will be apparent tothose of skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope ofthe present invention.

It is possible for the treatment fluid to be sent to areas that do notnecessarily need to be plugged. If this occurs, the formed crystallizedgibbsite can be dissolved using sodium hydroxide. For this reason, in anaspect, the treatment fluid can also include sodium hydroxide todissolve the gibbsite and reform the sodium aluminate solution if thegibbsite needs to be removed from the subterranean formation.

In an aspect, the treatment fluid of embodiments of the presentinvention is supersaturated. In another aspect, the sodium aluminatesolution is supersaturated. The amount of supersaturation variesdepending upon the needed delay time for the subterranean formation. Forexample, the sodium aluminate solution can have a supersaturation ratioranging from about 100% to about 300% at a temperature ranging fromabout 70° C. to about 200° C. Other suitable supersaturation ratios willbe apparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered withinthe scope of the present invention.

The physical properties of the treatment fluid of the present inventioncan vary. For example, the pH can range from about 8 to about 14. Otherphysical properties and ranges for the physical properties that can beused in embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to thoseof skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope of thepresent invention.

The sodium aluminate solution can be prepared by (1) reacting Na₂O withAl₂O₃, (2) dissolving aluminum oxide in sodium hydroxide, or (3)dissolving aluminum hydroxide in sodium hydroxide. In one aspect, thesodium aluminate solution is prepared using a molar ratio of Na₂O:Al₂O₃of about 0.5 to about 4.0. Other suitable molar ratios of Na₂O:Al₂O₃that can be used in embodiments of the present invention will beapparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered withinthe scope of the present invention.

Another treatment fluid for treating a subterranean formation so thatthief zones or fractures in the subterranean formation are plugged at asubstantial distance from a wellbore is provided as an embodiment of thepresent invention. In this embodiment, the treatment fluid includes asupersaturated sodium aluminate solution comprising NaAl(OH)₄ preparedusing a molar ratio of Na₂O:Al₂O₃ of about 0.5 to about 4.0 and adelayed crystallization additive. The supersaturated sodium aluminatesolution forms gibbsitc (Al(OH)₃) within the subterranean formation. Thesupersaturated sodium aluminate solution has a supersaturation ratioranging from about 100% to about 300% at a temperature ranging fromabout 70° C. to about 200° C. The delayed crystallization additivewithin the treatment fluid delays crystallization and formation of thegibbsite in the subterranean formation so that the thief zones orfractures can be plugged with the precipitated gibbsite at a substantialdistance from the wellbore.

As another embodiment of the present invention, a process of treating asubterranean formation so that thief zones or fractures are plugged inthe subterranean formation at a substantial distance from a wellbore isprovided. In this embodiment, the process includes contacting thesubterranean formation with a sodium aluminate solution comprisingNaAl(OH)₄ and a delayed crystallization additive. The sodium aluminatesolution forms gibbsite (Al(OH)₃) within the subterranean formation.Crystallization of the gibbsite in the subterranean formation is delayedin this process using the delayed crystallization additive so that thethief zones or fractures can be plugged with the precipitated gibbsiteat a substantial distance from the wellbore.

The sodium aluminate solution is generally prepared prior to sending thesodium aluminate solution into the subterranean formation. In an aspect,the sodium aluminate solution is maintained at a temperature rangingfrom about 70° C. to about 200° C. prior to being contacted with thesubterranean formation.

Once the sodium aluminate solution is contacted with the subterraneanformation, the process conditions are can be substantially differentfrom above ground conditions. For examples, the subterranean formationcan have an operating temperature ranging from about 70° C. to about200° C. The compositions and methods of the present invention can beused in other temperature ranges that will be apparent to those of skillin the art and are to be considered within the scope of the presentinvention.

In embodiments of the present invention, nucleation occurs after acertain period of time (i.e., the induction period) has elapsed in asupersaturated solution. The induction period can be as short asmicro-seconds or as long as several days, as generally shown in FIG. 1.Induction period can be manipulated by agitation, sonication,temperature, seeding, anti-solvents, and other additives. For example,super-saturated sodium aluminate solution can remain in supersaturatedstate for a number of days (6) before it precipitates and forms gibbsite(one of several polymorphs of Al(OH)₃). The induction period can bechanged by temperature, anti-solvents, seeding, additives, and the like.The reaction mechanism for formation of gibbsite is as follows:

NaAl(OH)₄→Al(OH)₃+NaOH

The long induction period is generally undesirable and is considered anuisance in industrial gibbsite production. The long induction period,coupled with additives, however, can be a useful tool for plugging thiefzones/fractures in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. The addition ofanti-solvents, seeds, additives, and the like to the sodium aluminatesolution allows the induction period to be manipulated. Some suitableadditives that can be used to control the crystallization rate caninclude methanol; sodium bicarbonate, CO₂, and the like.

Not all additives affect the crystallization rate by the same mechanism.For example, CO₂ and sodium bicarbonate change the crystallization rateby neutralizing NaOH and force the above reaction to shift to the righthand side, i.e. precipitating out gibbsite. In either mechanism,gibbsite solid can be formed at a designed point of time after thesupersaturated solution is injected. As a result, pores/fractures in thethief zone are plugged.

As indicated previously, the process can be reversed if necessary,because aluminum tri-hydrate is soluble in strong base. The reversereaction mechanism is as follows:

Al(OH)_(3s)+NaOH→NaAl(OH)₄

This reversible reaction is advantageous in real oil field applications.Sometimes, the reservoir formation is damaged by foreign materials andthus the flow of oil is impeded. The formation of gibbsite in theformation can inadvertently plug zones other than the thief zones. Byintroducing sodium hydroxide onto the solidified gibbsite, liquid sodiumaluminate solution can be regenerated (i.e., the reaction can bereversed) to remove the plug.

As an advantage of the present invention, both pores and fractures canbe plugged at different and longer distances from the wellbore using thedelayed crystallization methods and compositions in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. The pores and fractures can beplugged whether they are close or far away from the injector and theproducer. Additional advantages include that the process is reversible,the chemicals used in embodiments of the present invention are safe forthe formation and also the environment, and the hydroxide ion formedafter crystallization can be used as an oil displacing agent. Sweepefficiency by water flooding can be improved as a result of usingembodiments of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Thief zones or fractures can be near the injector, near the producer, oranywhere in between. Once the location of thief zones or fractures hasbeen identified, they can be plugged using embodiments of the presentinvention. Referring now to FIG. 2, a thief zone/fracture can beidentified first. For example, at the water injection rate, V, the zoneis 20 hours (t1) away from the injector. The pore or fracture volume canbe estimated to be F. For example, a slug with a cross section of 10meter square and a depth of 1 m can be used, the required amount ofsodium aluminate can then be Calculated using the pore/fracture volumeestimation.

Given the above information, a supersaturated sodium aluminate solutionat a particular condition such as supersaturation, temperature,Na₂O/Al₂O₃ ratio, NaOH amount, etc. can then be prepared. Based on thelaboratory data, it is estimated that the solution will startcrystallizing in about 20 hours and it will take about 2 hours tocomplete crystallization.

The aluminate solution can then be pumped into the injector and thesolution can be over-flushed with hot water, which sends the aluminatesolution to the desired depth. The injector is then shut-in for twohours to allow crystallization to complete. The plugging operation endsat time (t1+t2).

Example A Control

This Control Example demonstrates that the pressure drop through a coreis low and the permeability through the core is high when the core isnot plugged. In this Example, a core was flooded with water and thepressure drop through the core was recorded to be P1. Permeability isdetermined to be X1.

Examples B

Example B demonstrates that the pressure drop through the core is higherand the permeability through the core is lower when the core is pluggedby the sodium aluminate process. A certain amount, V1, ofsuper-saturated Sodium aluminate solution was prepared at temperaturefrom 150° C. in a mixing vessel. The solution contained W1 grams ofNa₂O, W2 g of Al₂O₃ and W3 g of NaOH. The supersaturated solution wasthen pumped into the injector. After the completion of addingsupersaturated sodium aluminate solution, another amount, V2, of hotwater was pumped into the injector, followed by another amount of water,V3. The injection was then stopped for a certain period of time, t1,which allowed the complete crystallization of gibbsite.

The plugging operation was completed after time t1 has elapsed. Coreflood pressure drop, P2, was recorded. P2 was greater than P1,indicating formation of plugs. Permeability is measured to be X2 Darcy.X2 was less than X1, suggesting permeability was impeded by theformation of the plugs. The core was cross sectioned and analyzed forgibbsite location. It was found that most gibbsite deposited in themiddle section of the core.

Example C

This example demonstrated that the location of the plug was designed bychanging the induction period of the supersaturated solution. Example Cwas similar to Example B with the exception that the supersaturatedsolution contains W1 g of Na₂O, W4 g of Al₂O₃, and W3 g of NaOH. Thecore was cross sectioned and analyzed. It was found that most gibbsitedeposited near the end of the core.

Although the present invention has been described in detail, it shouldbe understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations canbe made hereupon without departing from the principle and scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should bedetermined by the following claims and their appropriate legalequivalents.

The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents, unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise.

Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event orcircumstances may or may not occur. The description includes instanceswhere the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does notoccur.

Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value,and/or to about another particular value. When such a range isexpressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from theone particular value and/or to the other particular value, along withall combinations within said range.

Throughout this application, where patents or publications arereferenced, the disclosures of these references in their entireties areintended to be incorporated by reference into this application, in orderto more fully describe the state of the art to which the inventionpertains, except when these reference contradict the statements madeherein.

1. A treatment fluid for treating a subterranean formation so that thiefzones or fractures in the subterranean formation are plugged at asubstantial distance from a wellbore, the treatment fluid comprising: a.a sodium aluminate solution comprising NaAl(OH)₄, the sodium aluminatesolution forming gibbsite (Al(OH)_(3 s)) within the subterraneanformation; and b. a delayed crystallization additive to delaycrystallization and formation of the gibbsite within the treatment fluidso that the thief zones or fractures can be plugged with theprecipitated gibbsite at a substantial distance from the wellbore. 2.The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein the delayed crystallizationadditive comprises methanol, a surfactant, gibbsite seeds, sodiumbicarbonate, carbon dioxide, or combinations thereof.
 3. The treatmentfluid of claim 1, wherein the delayed crystallization additive ispresent in a range of about 0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the treatmentfluid.
 4. The treatment fluid of claim 1, further comprising sodiumhydroxide to dissolve the gibbsite and reform the sodium aluminatesolution if the gibbsite needs to be removed from the subterraneanformation.
 5. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein the sodiumaluminate solution is supersaturated.
 6. The treatment fluid of claim 5,wherein the sodium aluminate solution has a supersaturation ratioranging from about 100% to about 300% at a temperature ranging fromabout 70° C. to about 200° C.
 7. The treatment fluid of claim 1 having apH ranging from about 8 to about
 14. 8. The treatment fluid of claim 1,wherein the sodium aluminate solution is prepared using a molar ratio ofNa₂O:Al₂O₃ of about 0.5 to about 4.0.
 9. A treatment fluid for treatinga subterranean formation so that thief zones or fractures in thesubterranean formation are plugged at a substantial distance from awellbore, the treatment fluid comprising: a. a supersaturated sodiumaluminate solution comprising NaAl(OH)₄ prepared using a molar ratio ofNa₂O:Al₂O₃ of about 0.5 to about 4.0, the supersaturated sodiumaluminate solution forming gibbsite (Al(OH)_(3 s)) within thesubterranean formation, the supersaturated sodium aluminate solutionhaving a supersaturation ratio ranging from about 100% to about 300% ata temperature ranging from about 70° C. to about 200° C.; and b. adelayed crystallization additive to delay crystallization and formationof the gibbsite within the treatment fluid so that the thief zones orfractures can be plugged with the precipitated gibbsite at a substantialdistance from the wellbore.
 10. The treatment fluid of claim 9, whereinthe delayed crystallization additive comprises methanol, a surfactant,gibbsite seeds, sodium bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, or combinationsthereof.
 11. The treatment fluid of claim 9, wherein the delayedcrystallization additive is present in a range of about 0 wt. % to about40 wt. % of the treatment fluid.
 12. The treatment fluid of claim 9,further comprising sodium hydroxide to dissolve the gibbsite and reformthe sodium aluminate solution if the gibbsite needs to be removed fromthe subterranean formation.
 13. The treatment fluid of claim 9 having apH ranging from about 8 to about
 14. 14. A process of treating asubterranean formation so that thief zones or fractures are plugged inthe subterranean formation at a substantial distance from a wellbore,the process comprising the steps of: a. contacting the subterraneanformation with a sodium aluminate solution comprising NaAl(OH)₄ and adelayed crystallization additive, the sodium aluminate solution forminggibbsite (Al(OH)_(3 s)) within the subterranean formation; and b.delaying crystallization of the gibbsite using the delayedcrystallization additive so that the thief zones or fractures can beplugged with the precipitated gibbsite at a substantial distance fromthe wellbore.
 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the delayedcrystallization additive comprises methanol, a surfactant, gibbsiteseeds, sodium bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, or combinations thereof. 16.The process of claim 14, wherein the delayed crystallization additive ispresent in a range of about 0.0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the treatmentfluid.
 17. The process of claim 14, wherein the further comprisingsodium hydroxide to dissolve the gibbsite and reform the sodiumaluminate solution if the gibbsite needs to be removed from thesubterranean formation.
 18. The process of claim 14, wherein the sodiumaluminate solution is supersaturated.
 19. The process of claim 18,wherein the sodium aluminate solution has a supersaturation ratioranging from about 100% to about 300% at a temperature ranging fromabout 70° C. to about 200° C.
 20. The process of claim 14 having a pHranging from about 8 to about
 14. 21. The process of claim 14, whereinthe sodium aluminate solution is prepared using a molar ratio ofNa₂O:Al₂O₃ of about 0.5 to about 4.0.
 22. The process of claim 14,wherein the sodium aluminate solution is maintained at a temperatureranging from about 70° C. to about 200° C. prior to being contacted withthe subterranean formation.
 23. The process of claim 14, wherein thesubterranean formation has a temperature ranging from about 70° C. toabout 200° C.
 24. The process of claim 14, wherein the step ofcontacting the subterranean formation with the sodium aluminate solutionincludes contacting the subterranean formation with a hot water slug ata ratio of the sodium aluminate solution to hot water slug ranging fromabout 10 to about 0.01.
 25. The process of claim 14, wherein the step ofdelaying crystallization occurs such that complete crystallizationoccurs at a crystallization time that ranges from about 10 minutes toabout 100 days.